The Science

Cold Plunge

This review examines cold water therapy as a lifestyle intervention, summarizing research on its potential roles in metabolic health, inflammation, and healthy aging.

Kunutsor SK, Lehoczki A, Laukkanen JA. The untapped potential of cold water therapy as part of a lifestyle intervention for promoting healthy aging. Geroscience. 2025 Feb;47(1):387-407. doi: 10.1007/s11357-024-01295-w. Epub 2024 Jul 30. PMID: 39078461; PMCID: PMC11872954.

This study investigated short-term cold-water immersion and observed changes in positive affect alongside alterations in large-scale brain network activity.

Yankouskaya A, Williamson R, Stacey C, Totman JJ, Massey H. Short-Term Head-Out Whole-Body Cold-Water Immersion Facilitates Positive Affect and Increases Interaction between Large-Scale Brain Networks. Biology. 2023; 12(2):211. https://doi.org/10.3390/biology12020211

Infrared Sauna & Heat Therapy

Far-infrared sauna therapy has been studied for its potential effects on cardiovascular function and blood pressure regulation.

Beever R. Far-infrared saunas for treatment of cardiovascular risk factors: summary of published evidence. Can Fam Physician. 2009 Jul;55(7):691-6. PMID: 19602651; PMCID: PMC2718593.

Passive heat therapy has been studied for its effects on vascular function and blood pressure in controlled human settings.

Brunt VE, Howard MJ, Francisco MA, Ely BR, Minson CT. Passive heat therapy improves endothelial function, arterial stiffness and blood pressure in sedentary humans. J Physiol. 2016 Sep 15;594(18):5329-42. doi: 10.1113/JP272453. Epub 2016 Jun 30. PMID: 27270841; PMCID: PMC5023696.

PEMF

This review summarizes the proposed biological mechanisms and therapeutic applications that have been studied for pulsed electromagnetic fields across multiple contexts.

Mayer Y, Shibli JA, Saada HA, Melo M, Gabay E, Barak S, Ginesin O. Pulsed Electromagnetic Therapy: Literature Review and Current Update. Braz Dent J. 2024 Oct 25;35:e246109. doi: 10.1590/0103-6440202406109. PMID: 39476109; PMCID: PMC11506130.

This review outlines the development of pulsed electromagnetic field therapy and its exploration across a range of biological and musculoskeletal applications.

Markov, M.S. Pulsed electromagnetic field therapy history, state of the art and future. Environmentalist 27, 465–475 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10669-007-9128-2.

This review examines pulsed electromagnetic fields as a non-invasive modality being studied in the context of peripheral nerve regeneration and related biological processes.

Piotrzkowska D, Siwak M, Adamkiewicz J, Dziki L, Majsterek I. The Therapeutic Potential of Pulsed Electromagnetic Fields (PEMF) and Low-Intensity Pulsed Ultrasound (LIPUS) in Peripheral Nerve Regeneration: A Comprehensive Review. Int J Mol Sci. 2025 Sep 2

This systematic review and meta-analysis evaluated randomized trials of PEMF therapy for shoulder impingement, focusing on pain and functional outcomes.

Wang HY, Chen YJ, Huang IC, Lin CR, Lin KL, Chen CH. The effectiveness of pulsed electromagnetic field therapy in patients with shoulder impingement syndrome: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. PLoS One. 2025 May 19;20(5):e0323837. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0323837. PMID: 40388433; PMCID: PMC12088032.

This systematic review and meta-analysis evaluated PEMF therapy for neuropathic pain, with findings that vary depending on study design and treatment parameters.

Lara-Reyes JA, Zarate-Calderon C, Aranda-Abreu GE, García LI, Rojas-Durán F. Effectiveness of Pulsed Electromagnetic Field Therapy on Neuropathic Pain: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Neurol Int. 2026 Feb 6;18(2):28. doi: 10.3390/neurolint18020028.

The research referenced on this page is provided for informational purposes only. It reflects broader scientific understanding of these modalities and does not constitute medical advice or product-specific claims.